The flying cars depicted in science fiction classics such as sa国际传媒淏lade Runnersa国际传媒� and sa国际传媒淭he Fifth Elementsa国际传媒� have long been seen as flights of fancy, but their arrival is closer than you think.
At least a dozen companies are prototyping or testing flying cars or passenger drones, according to a Deloitte report from January.
Air taxis will number 15,000 and become a global market worth $32 billion by 2035, with aerial delivery and inspection services adding on another $42 billion, a study by Porsche Consulting predicts.
Vertical takeoff and landing craft (VTOLs) carry the promise of delivering people and goods across congested urban and suburban areas in a fraction of the time a driver would need, taking cars off the road in the process. But technological and regulatory hurdles remain. And whether aerial vehicles can substantially change commuter behaviour and emissions sa国际传媒� or overcome questions of safety and public perception sa国际传媒� is still up in the air.
Most VTOLs sa国际传媒� or eVTOLs if they are electric-powered sa国际传媒� resemble an oversize drone, sporting a halo of small rotors around a passenger pod and taking off and touching down like a helicopter. But they will be quieter, cheaper and greener than their heli-cousins, experts say.
sa国际传媒淚nstead of this deep, guttural, penetrating-through-walls sound, you have a much more acceptable sound, similar to a ceiling fan,sa国际传媒� said Nikhil Goel, head of product at Uber Technology Inc.sa国际传媒檚 aviation team, dubbed Uber Elevate.
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Uber hopes to start hauling passengers in five-seat, hybrid VTOLs above Los Angeles, Dallas-Fort Worth and a third city outside of the U.S. by 2023.
sa国际传媒淭he vehicles are real. Theysa国际传媒檙e coming. I think itsa国际传媒檚 going to be faster than anybody thinks is possible,sa国际传媒� Goel said.
He sees the first wave of aerial taxis providing a shuttle service between major airports and downtown vertiports that integrate into the mass transportation system, rather than leapfrogging from block to block sa国际传媒� a hub-to-hub travel option akin to a monorail.
sa国际传媒淲e are not building this product for the elite,sa国际传媒� Goel said.
A few years after the launch of Uber Air, as itsa国际传媒檚 dubbed, the cost of an aerial trip will be the same as one on the asphalt, he said.
He calculates that an aerial taxi would cut a 90-kilometre commute between the downtowns of San Francisco and San Jose to 15 minutes, down from an hour and 40 minutes.
Uber is not alone in setting its sights on VTOLs. Chinese drone manufacturer Ehang carried out flight tests with a single-passenger drone earlier this year, according to the companysa国际传媒檚 website. German startup Volocopter has produced an air taxi prototype, taking to the skies above Dubai in 2017. And Kitty Hawk, a California-based company funded by Google founder Larry Page, produced a sleek, one-seat VTOL prototype this year.
Bell (formerly Bell Helicopter), is one of five companies Uber has teamed up with, along with Karem, Pipistrel and aerospace rivals Embraer and Boeingsa国际传媒檚 Aurora Flight Sciences.
Scott Drennan, Bellsa国际传媒檚 vice-president of innovation, sees 2025 as a more realistic commercial launch target than Ubersa国际传媒檚 goal of 2023.
Battery life is one area that needs to advance, with lithium-ion packs today lasting for between 50 and 100 kilometres on a multi-rotor electric propulsion system, he said.
Regulations are another obstacle. To avoid crowding urban skies, VTOLs could trace existing airplane takeoff and landing routes, but at a lower altitude, buzzing along at between 150 and 330 km/h.
Western aviation regulators bar out-of-sight drone operations for the most part. Discussions are ongoing with the U.S. Federal Aviation Authority and the European Aviation Safety Agency, said Drennan, who said he has also met three times with Transport Canada regarding VTOLs.
Mark Cousin, chief executive of Airbussa国际传媒檚 A3 unit, stressed the traffic management hurdles on the horizon.
sa国际传媒淭he vehicle is the easy bit,sa国际传媒� he said. sa国际传媒淭he real challenge lies in integrating thousands of these vehicles into an urban air mobility system within cities.sa国际传媒�
A3 has put out an electric-powered VTOL dubbed Vahana. The autonomous prototype launched its first vertical flight in February.
Drones would typically beat other modes of transportation, such as taxis, at distances of 20 kilometres or more in congested areas, according to the Porsche study.
The report notes the technologysa国际传媒檚 limited potential, stating that it can relieve some pressure from congested urban hot spots sa国际传媒� sa国际传媒渂ut only some.sa国际传媒�
sa国际传媒淚f one tried to solve all traffic problems on the ground by moving into the air, the myriad take-off and landing spots would become the new choke points.sa国际传媒�
A city with more than five million inhabitants will likely have no more than 1,000 passenger drones in operation by 2035, the study predicts. That would make a relatively small dent in ground traffic.
Uber cited Los Angeles as an appealing launch city in part because of the abundance of flat roofs there sa国际传媒� a long-standing fire safety regulation required helicopter landing pads atop tall buildings.
sa国际传媒淏ut theysa国际传媒檙e actually not that well suited, because itsa国际传媒檚 not just a pickup and drop-off point,sa国际传媒� said Robin Lineberger, head of aerospace and defence at Deloitte.
sa国际传媒淚t has to be a place where people come, get ready to get on the aircraftsa国际传媒he vehicle has to land, recharge, refuel, maybe light maintenance and inspection going on. If you think about it, it really needs to be a small, multi-function airport service area.sa国际传媒�
Large parking lots downtown are ripe for conversion into vertiports, complete with conveyor belts, charging stations and hangars, he said.
Insurance would function in ways similar to a helicopter manufacturer or transport service, Lineberger said, with premiums hinging on the probability and severity of accidents.
However, public perception will be an issue for the foreseeable future. Fewer than half of respondents in a Deloitte global survey of 10,000 people this year were convinced that aerial passenger vehicles would be safe, with one-third undecided and one in five disagreeing.
Christopher Reynolds, The Canadian Press
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