In part three of this four-story series, we look at what the reduced snowpack means for the West Kootenaysa国际传媒檚 wildlife. In case you missed them, read part one on , and part two on .

Gary Munro scoops up a clump of wet sand on the shore of Kootenay Lake. In his palm, Kokanee fry no bigger than a couple centimetres wriggle around.

At McDonalds Landing regional park on the lakesa国际传媒檚 west arm, Kokanee are spawning on the shore. They set up their redds, or spawning pools, on the beach, then fry emerge from eggs in late February or early March and swim into the lake.

But thatsa国际传媒檚 also when the water has been drawn down to its lowest levels by dams, leaving the fry stranded on the beach until the water is allowed to rise again in April.

Munro, a retired fisheries technician who worked on Kootenay Lake for 30 years, doesnsa国际传媒檛 like their chances for survival with a reduced snowpack and what he says can be rigid thinking about how the lakesa国际传媒檚 dams are operated.

sa国际传媒淚sa国际传媒檓 looking at the water and reading the snowpack percentage and thinking sa国际传媒� yousa国际传媒檙e killing all these fish.sa国际传媒�

The snowpack, which was recorded by the BC River Forecast Centre at just 72 per cent of normal for the West Kootenay on April 1, is impacting the regionsa国际传媒檚 wildlife in a variety of ways.

Kootenay Lake is partially fed by glacier melt, but it doesnsa国际传媒檛 rise naturally with the freshet. That is determined every year by the International Kootenay Lake Board of Control, which consults with the hydroelectric companies that run Kootenay Riverssa国际传媒� dams to decide on when water levels should decline in the fall and rise in the spring.

On April 16, the board announced it would begin the spring rise of water levels from a low of 530.14 meters until the elevation reaches 531.3 metres at Nelson. Itsa国际传媒檚 the earliest announced starting date for the rise in the past seven years, which the board said in a statement was due to sustained warm temperatures at high elevations and a melting snowpack.

Kokanee rely on streams and shores where there is reliably cold, oxygenated groundwater for their eggs. That water comes from snowpack melt, glaciers and precipitation.

Jeff Burrows, who retired last year as a senior fish biologist for the province, says shore spawners make up six per cent of the lakesa国际传媒檚 Kokanee population. Thatsa国际传媒檚 not much, but as warming temperatures impact stream flow and spawning channels, Burrows believes shore spawners will take on a greater importance to the speciessa国际传媒� survival.

sa国际传媒淪hore spawners are one of, in the near term, the climate change opportunities for Kokanee to persist in protecting and enhancing them.sa国际传媒�

One of those measures takes place every three years in the fall when lake levels are drawn down for one month during a period of peak spawning. It encourages redds to be placed at lower elevations before the lake is allowed to refill. The hope is that less redds are stranded on the beach when water levels are at their lowest.

James Baxter, principal biologist and senior manager for the Sinixt Confederacy based in Nelson, believes the practice should be considered for annual implementation. As the snowpack continues to recede, Baxter wants to see more allowance for the changing climate in how lake levels are managed.

But, he concedes, that initiative has to come from hydroelectric companies.

sa国际传媒淭he biologists arensa国际传媒檛 the ones who are controlling the water.sa国际传媒�

Hopping back home

At Summit Lake near Nakusp, one of the West Kootenayssa国际传媒� most important ecological sites, the migration cycle begins in the spring for Western toads.

Adult toads return to the lake to lay their eggs in early May. But Jakob Dulisse, a wildlife biologist who specializes in reptiles and amphibians and has studied the Summit Lake toads since 2011, says hesa国际传媒檚 noticed a slow change in the pattern sa国际传媒� the toads are starting to arrive earlier.

sa国际传媒淭hey breed quite soon after the ice melts from the lake. sa国际传媒� Itsa国际传媒檚 variable, of course, but it is trending earlier.sa国际传媒�

The Western Toad, which is common in the West Kootenay, as well as snake species such as garters and rubber boas burrow underground below the freezing level and rely on the snowpack for winter insulation.

Snowpack also contributes to wetter forests and wetlands, which amphibians need to breed. Painted turtles, another species Dulisse studies, spend winters in standing water. Turtles hatch in the fall, stay in their nest during the winter and emerge in spring. If theresa国际传媒檚 no snow over their nests, the hatchlings are vulnerable to cold temperatures.

For the time being, Dulisse says Summit Lake toads are more impacted by having to cross the nearby highway than by a melting snowpack. But he also thinks a warming climate will change the range for some species.

The Kootenays are the furthest north the Western skink will range, for example. Rattlesnakes and gopher snakes that donsa国际传媒檛 typically live further north than the United States border just south of Trail could also start appearing.

sa国际传媒淲ith a warming climate, the ranges might change on some of these species,sa国际传媒� says Dulisse. sa国际传媒淭he long-term climate models for this area, the Columbia Valley, especially for the south toward Trail and Castlegar, has a kind of conversion to more shrub land-grassland over time.

sa国际传媒淪o will those species come north? Thatsa国际传媒檚 an interesting question.sa国际传媒�

The people problem

Every winter, Doris Hausleitner goes searching for an animal that doesnsa国际传媒檛 want to be found.

Since 2012, Hausleitner has made regular helicopter trips in the winter over the Kokanee, Monashee and Goat mountain ranges searching for wolverine dens.

Wolverines are difficult to track, but Hausleitner, an instructor at Selkirk Collegesa国际传媒檚 School of Environment and Geomatics, finds them fascinating.

sa国际传媒淭heresa国际传媒檚 so little known about the animal even though itsa国际传媒檚 a big animal out there. But itsa国际传媒檚 so hard to study, and they go out into the craziest, hardest to reach places. Somehow that really appeals to me.sa国际传媒�

A heavy snowpack is vital to the wolverine population, which doesnsa国际传媒檛 hibernate. They dig tunnels into the snow and burrow underground where a litter of one-to-three kits are born in mid-February and donsa国际传媒檛 leave until about mid-May.

Wolverines also use the snow for refrigeration. They are scavengers, and when they find food like a freshly killed ungulate the wolverine stores it into the snow near the den. Snow doesnsa国际传媒檛 limit their movement either. Males can cover about 150 kilometres daily.

Hausleitner studies wolverines by using a bait system that takes pictures of the animals while also making note of regular den locations. Shesa国际传媒檚 concerned by the diminished snowpack, which she says will lead to more intrusion on wolverine habitat by humans.

Instead of staying put, wolverines will move dens when humans are close. But doing so takes them away from their food cache, and makes the kits vulnerable to predators.

sa国际传媒淚f you can think about a mountain being like a cone, and as the snow moves higher up that cone you have a less area, yousa国际传媒檙e putting more people now in a diminishing area. So for an animal like the wolverine that just is not tolerant of humans, that is a huge impact.sa国际传媒�

The snowpack is less vital for the West Kootenaysa国际传媒檚 biggest animal.

Nelsonsa国际传媒檚 Garth Mowat studies bears as the provincial large carnivore specialist for the Ministry of Water, Land and Resource Stewardship.

A melting snowpack doesnsa国际传媒檛 directly impact bearssa国际传媒� hibernation, says Mowat, because the winter sleep is driven by their circadian rhythm and how much body fat theysa国际传媒檝e stored. It can, however, cause a bear to wake if snow that covered a den melts off.

But Mowat downplays the extent to which snowpacks big or small matter to bears, which he says naturally den for less time in more southern habitats.

sa国际传媒淭heresa国际传媒檚 black and brown bear populations in places much drier than this.sa国际传媒�

Snowpack can protect berries from frost, but Mowat says that doesnsa国际传媒檛 really apply to the black huckleberries they eat at lower elevations. Bears also tend to go where the food is even in a drought. During B.C.sa国际传媒檚 heat dome in 2021, Mowat observed bears eating huckleberries on the north-facing side of a mountain at higher elevations than hesa国际传媒檇 previously seen.

sa国际传媒淪o they were affected, but at the individual level they responded by saying, sa国际传媒榳ell, south facing berries are burned off so wesa国际传媒檙e moving around to the north side of the mountain.sa国际传媒� The fact that bears are omnivores buffers them from annual effects from nature.sa国际传媒�

Humans, Mowat says, matter more to the bear population than a declining snowpack. In poor berry crop years, black bears turn to cities for their food sources (this isnsa国际传媒檛 the case with grizzlies, who would rather keep their distance).

Keep the trash cleaned up and bears should be fine, he says, no matter how much snow has fallen.

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